Fig. 5

Proliferation of NC and MSTN KO cells in 3D-bioprinted GSH and PSH structures. A 3D modeling (i) and photograph (ii) of a portion of steak-type cultivated meat. Scale bars = 3 mm. B Cell counting for 1, 3, 6, and 9 d. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 4). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01; ^***P < 0.001; n.s., not significant). C Fluorescence images from the EdU assay showing the proliferation of cells on the surface and interior regions of the hydrogel. Red = EdU, Blue = Nuclei. Scale bars = 100 μm. D Schematic representation of the fibers forming two intersecting layers (fiber, red) and the bridge (bridge, blue) connecting the fibers within the GSH and PSH hydrogels. E Fluorescence microscopy images of NC and MSTN KO cells grown on the GSH bridge, GSH fiber and PSH fiber for 1, 3, 6, and 9 d. Red = F-actin, Blue = Nuclei. Scale bars = 500 μm for 4X and 200 μm for 10X